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| Drug Name |
MORPHINE SULFATE |
| Active Ingredient(s) |
MORPHINE SULFATE |
Form(s) and
Strength(s) Available |
TABLET, EXTENDED |
Product Information / Press Release Clinical Pharmacology: Morphine exerts its principle pharmacological effects on the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract, its primary actions of therapeutic value are analgesia and sedation. Morphine appears to increase the patient's tolerance for pain and to decrease the perception of suffering, although the presence of the pain itself may still be recognized.
Morphine increases the tone and decreases the propulsive contractions of the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract. The resultant prolongation in the gastrointestinal transit time is responsible for the constipating effect of morphine. Morphine has been reported to cause antidiuretic hormone (ADH) to be released, thereby reducing urine output. In therapeutic dosage, morphine does not usually exert major effects on the cardiovascular system. However, some patients may develop orthrostatic hypotension and fainting
Indications and Usage: Relief of moderate to severe acute and chronic pain; available in a wide range of dosage forms. Well-characterized pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and relatively low cost. Used preoperatively to sedate patient and allay apprehension, facilitate induction of anesthesia and reduce anesthetic dosage. Also used for dyspnea associated with acute left ventricular failure and pulmonary edema. Morphine is indicated for the relief of severe pain in adults, infants, and children. It is effective in the control of postoperative pain in addition to relieving preoperative pain.
Onset and Duration of Action: Following the administration of conventional oral morphine products, the approximately fifty percent of the morphine that will reach the central compartment reaches it within 30 minutes. With the administration of an equal amount of slow-release preparation, this extent of absorption occurs, on the average, after 1.5 hours. Morphine is absorbed SL to some extent. Slow release preparations have 12-hour durations of action. If pain is not controlled for a full 12 hours, then the dosing interval should be shortened, but to no less than 8 hours. Patients should also be given a supply of an immediate release opioid to use for breakthrough pain.
Morphine given parentally has its onset within 10-30 minutes. Given rectally the onset is 20-60 minutes. The duration of analgesic action is 3-4 hours whether administered orally, rectally or parentally. Epidural and intrathecal administration of morphine has its onset in 15-60 minutes, with a duration of action up to 24 hours.
Dosage and Administration: Oral administration is 1/3 to 1/6 as effective as parenteral administration. Dose can be increased every 24 hours until adequate analgesia is obtained. Dosage is a patient dependent variable, therefore increased dosage may be required to achieve adequate analgesia. The effective dose in opium-tolerant patients may be 10-50 times greater than the appropriate dose for opiate-naive individuals.
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